An acquired brain injury (ABI) is any damage to the brain that happens after birth. It can affect how a person thinks, feels, behaves, and communicates.
Unlike some physical injuries, brain injuries are often not visible. Someone may look completely fine on the outside but struggle with memory, focus, emotions, or decision-making in everyday life.
Understanding what a brain injury is—and how it impacts people—is especially important when it comes to navigating systems like healthcare, work, and the justice system.
What Counts as a Brain Injury?
A brain injury occurs when the brain is damaged in a way that changes how it functions. This can happen suddenly or develop over time.
There are two main types:
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
This happens when an external force impacts the head, such as:
- Falls
- Car accidents
- Sports injuries
- Physical assaults
Non-Traumatic Brain Injury
This type is caused by internal factors, including:
- Stroke
- Lack of oxygen (e.g., choking or overdose)
- Infections
- Tumors
Both types can lead to long-term challenges—even if the injury seems “mild” at first.
Common Symptoms of a Brain Injury
Brain injuries affect everyone differently, but there are some common signs people experience.
Cognitive (Thinking) Symptoms
- Memory problems
- Trouble concentrating
- Difficulty understanding information
- Slower thinking
Emotional & Behavioural Changes
- Mood swings
- Irritability or frustration
- Anxiety or depression
- Impulsive decisions
Physical Symptoms
- Headaches
- Fatigue
- Dizziness
- Sensitivity to light or noise
These symptoms may appear right away—or develop over time. In many cases, people don’t immediately connect these changes to a past injury.
